Bautista, S. (1998). A Comparison of Two Methods for Controlling Arundo Donax. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 49-52 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).

Bautista, S. J. (1994). Riparian habitat, endangered species, and herbicide: cover all the bases during public involvement. Proceedings, annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference. Redding, CA: 166-170

Bell, G. (1997). Ecology and management of Arundo donax, and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in Southern California. Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe. Leiden, The Netherlands, Blackhuys Publishers: 103-113 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/arundo_ecology.html).

Bussan, A. and W. Dyer (1999). Herbicides and Rangeland. Biology and Management of noxious rangeland weeds. R. P. Sheley, J. Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State Univiersity Press: 116-132 (http://teamarundo.org/control_manage/docs/herbicides_rangeland.pdf).

Contents Sect. I. Theory and Practice of Weed Management -- Introduction / R. L. Sheley, J. K. Petroff and M. M. Borman. 1. Impacts of Noxious Weeds on Ecologic and Economic Systems / Bret E. Olson. 2. Surveying, Mapping, and Monitoring Noxious Weeds on Rangelands / Douglas E. Johnson. 3. Coordinated Weed Management Planning / Tony Svejcar. 4. Economic Evaluation Procedures for Noxious Weed Management on Rangeland / Duane Griffith. 5. Integrated Weed Management on Rangeland / Roger L. Sheley, Susan Kedzie-Webb and Bruce D. Maxwell. 6. Preventing Noxious Weed Invasion / Roger L. Sheley, Mark Manoukian and Gerald Marks. 7. Early Detection and Eradication of New Weed Infestations / David L. Zamora and Donald C. Thill. 8. Grazing and Weeds / Bret E. Olson. 9. Biological Control of Noxious Rangeland Weeds / Linda M. Wilson and Joseph P. McCaffrey. 10. Herbicides and Rangeland / Alvin J. Bussan and William E. Dyer.

11. Revegetating Noxious Weed-Infested Rangeland / James S. Jacobs, Michael F. Carpinelli and Roger L. Sheley -- Sect. II. The Weeds. 12. Biennial Thistles / K. George Beck. 13. Canada Thistle / Don W. Morishita. 14. Cheatgrass / Jeffrey C. Mosley, Stephen C. Bunting and Mark E. Manoukian. 15. Common Crupina / Donald C. Thill, Cindy T. Roche and David L. Zamora. 16. Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax / Sherry Lajeunesse. 17. Diffuse Knapweed / Ben F. Roche, Jr. and Cindy Talbott Roche. 18. Dyer's Woad / Erin G. McConnell, John O. Evans and Steven A. Dewey. 19. Meadow and Orange Hawkweed / Linda M. Wilson and Robert H. Callihan. 20. Leafy Spurge / Sherry Lajeunesse, Roger L. Sheley and Celestine Duncan / [et al.]. 21. Mediterranean Sage / Cindy Talbott Roche and Linda M. Wilson. 22. Medusahead / Heather C. Miller, David Clausnitzer and Michael M. Borman. 23. Oxeye Daisy / Bret E. Olson and Roseann T. Wallander. 24. Poison-Hemlock / Joseph M. DiTomaso. 25. Purple Loosestrife / Barbra Mullin.

26. Rush Skeletonweed / Roger L. Sheley, Joseph M. Hudak and Robert T. Grubb. 27. Russian Knapweed / Tom D. Whitson. 28. Snakeweeds / Tracy M. Sterling, David C. Thompson and Kirk C. McDaniel. 29. Sowthistles / Richard K. Zollinger and Robert Parker. 30. Spotted Knapweed / Roger L. Sheley, James S. Jacobs and Michael L. Carpinelli. 31. Squarrose Knapweed / Cindy Talbott Roche. 32. St. Johnswort / Gary L. Piper. 33. Sulfur Cinquefoil / Peter Rice. 34. Tansy Ragwort / Eric M. Coombs, Peter B. McEvoy and Charles E. Turner. 35. Whitetop / Roger L. Sheley and Jack Stivers. 36. Yellow Starthistle / Roger L. Sheley, Larry L. Larson and James S. Jacobs.

California Department of Food and Agriculture - Pesticide Investigations Unit (2000). Control of Giant Cane in Riparian and Wetland Areas of Northern and Central California, California Department of Food and Agriculture (http://teamarundo.org/control_manage/DFG-EPAreport.html).

This project has three primary objectives: (1) to determine the best methods for giant cane control in northern and central California; (2) to educate the public regarding the giant cane threat; and (3) to gather information regarding giant cane’s current presence in northern and central California and its potential for further invasive spread in the region. These objectives were accomplished via the following four tasks:

1) the establishment of a giant cane control demonstration project; 2) the completion of an herbicide risk assessment for nontarget aquatic species; 3) the development of giant cane educational materials; and 4) the completion of a giant cane survey project for northern and central California.

DiTomaso, J. M. (2004). "Herbicide Resistance in Weeds: How Serious a Problem is it in Wildlands?" Noxious Times 6(1): 6-7 (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/noxtimes_archives.htm).

Durkin, P. R. (2003). Glyphosate - Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment, Final Report. Fayetteville, New York, Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. Prepared for: USDA, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Staff: 281 pages (http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/risk_assessments/04a03_glyphosate.pdf).

This document provides risk assessments for human health effects and ecological effects to support an assessment of the environmental consequences of using glyphosate in Forest Service vegetation management programs. This document has four chapters, including the introduction, program description, risk assessment for human health effects, and risk assessment for ecological effects or effects on wildlife species. Each of the two risk assessment chapters has four major sections, including an identification of the hazards associated with glyphosate, an assessment of potential exposure to this compound, an assessment of the dose-response relationships, and a characterization of the risks associated with plausible levels of exposure.

Gard, J. K., P. C. C. Feng, et al. (1997). "Nuclear magnetic resonance timecourse studies of glyphosate metabolism by microbial soil isolates." Xenobiotica 27(7): 633-644

1. Triple Resonance Isotope EDited nmr spectroscopy (TRIED) has been developed to detect and examine minute levels of glyphosate metabolites in microbial soil isolates. Using stable isotopic labelling (13C and 15N), TRIED allows the simultaneous detection of multiple metabolites in crude matrices at submicrogram levels. An improvement over earlier techniques where milligrams are needed, TRIED can detect 500 ng of triply labelled compound in a crude sample (1:14000 mass ratio) in just hours. 2. TRIED is used here to compare the kinetics and metabolic pathways of glyphosate metabolism by two strains of Ochrobactrum anthropi, LBAA and S5. Both LBAA and S5 appear to metabolize glyphosate primarily via the aminomethylphosphonate (AMPA) pathway, since no detectable levels of glycine or sarcosine are observed in the media or lysates of either microbe. The formation of N-methylAMPA is common to the metabolism of both microorganisms, but N-acetylAMPA is observed only in LBAA. N-methylacetamide is detected predominantly in media and lysates of S5, although some evidence also points to the formation of this metabolite in LBAA. 3. Results are consistent with conventional radioactive tracer studies. TRIED nmr provides more specific structural information complementary to radiolabel methods. Both nmr and radioactivity studies show S5 glyphosate metabolism to be much slower than that of LBAA.

Giesy, J. P., S. Dobson, et al. (2000). "Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup Herbicide." Rev Env. Contam. Toxicol. 167: 35-120

Gimsing, A. L., O. K. Borggaard, et al. (2004). "Chemical and microbiological soil characteristics controlling glyphosate mineralisation in Danish surface soils." Applied Soil Ecology 27: 233-242

Jackson, N. E. (1998). Chemical Control of Giant Reed (Arundo donax) and Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima). Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 33-42 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).

Jacobsen, O. S. (2003). Degradation, Sorption and Persistence of Glyphosate and the metabolite AMPA in a fractured clay soil profile. In: Proceedings. XII Symposium on Peticides Chemistry. 137-144. Piacenza, Italy. 4-6 June, 2003. . A. A. M. Del Re, Capri, E., Padovani, L., Trevisan, M. (eds.): 137-144

Kjær, J., P. Olsen, et al. (2005). The Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme, Monitoring results May 1999–June 2004. Copenhagen, Denmark, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland: 124 pages (http://pesticidvarsling.dk/monitor_uk/2004.html).

In 1998, the Danish Parliament initiated the Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme (PLAP), an intensive monitoring programme aimed at evaluating the leaching risk of pesticides under field conditions. The objective of the PLAP is to improve the scientific foundation for decision making in the Danish registration procedures for pesticides. The specific aim is to analyse whether pesticides applied in accordance with current regulations leach to the groundwater in unacceptable concentrations.

The programme presently evaluates the leaching risk of 29 pesticides applied at five agricultural sites ranging in size from 1.1 to 2.4 ha. This report presents the results for the period May 1999–June 2004. Results covering part of the period (May 1999–June 2003) have been reported previously (Kjær et al., 2002, Kjær et al., 2003 and Kjær et al., 2004). The present report should therefore be seen as a continuation of previous reports with the main focus being on the leaching risk of pesticides applied during 2002.

Glyphosate was applied to a loamy soil at the beginning of September and the subsequent leaching to the drainage system was significantly below the threshold value. The leaching of glyphosate as affected by time of application - before and after 15 September - has been investigated in PLAP in recent years. Two out of four late autumn applications caused leaching above the threshold value, whereas this happened in only one out of three cases with early autumn applications. These findings did not give rise to any restrictions in the use of glyphosate.

Kjær, J., M. Ullum, et al. (2003). Leaching of Glyphosate and AMPA as affected by soil properties and precipitation distribution. In: Proceedings, XII Symposium on Pesticides Chemestry: Pesticide in air, plant, soil and water system, Piacenza, Italy. 4-6 June, 2003. A. A. M. Del Re, Capri, E., Padovani, L., Trevisan, M. (eds.): 107-114

Kjær, J., M. Ullum, et al. (2005). "Leaching of glyphosate and amino-methylphosphonic acid from Danish agricultural field sites." Journal of Environmental Quality 34(2): 608-620

Krzysko-Lupicka, T. and A. Orlik (1997). "The use of glyphosate as the sole source of phosphorus or carbon for the selection of soil-borne fungal strains capable to degrade this herbicide." Chemosphere 34(12): 2601-2605

The herbicide glyphosate was used as a selection agent for isolation of fungal strains capable to degrade phosphorus-to-carbon bond from standard sandy-clay soil. The studies have shown that the herbicide used in Martin medium as a sole source of phosphorus or carbon caused the decrease of the fungal population and substantially changed strain composition, thus selecting those which are able to degrade glyphosate.

Kubena, K. M. (1998). Rounding up the facts about Rodeo: An evaluation of non-target effects of estuarine invertebrates and juvenile salmon. . Seattle, University of Washington

Monheit, S. (2002). "Glyphosate-based aquatic herbicides: an overview of risk." Noxious Times 4(4): 5-9 (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/noxtimes_archives.htm).

Monheit, S., J. R. Leavitt, et al. (2004). "The Ecotoxicology of Surfactants Used With Glyphosate Based Herbicides." Noxious Times 6(2): 6-12, 14 (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/noxtimes_archives.htm).

This article is one of the first attempts to review the ecotoxicology of surfactants used with glyphosate. This is a follow-up to the Noxious Weeds Summer 2002 article titled “Glyphosate-Based Aquatic Herbicides. An Overview of Risk” By Susan Monheit, CDFA-IPC

Paveglio, F. L., K. Kilbride, et al. (1996). "Use of Rodeo and X-77 Spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) In A Southwestern Washington Estuary: 1. Environmental Fate." Environ. Toxicol. & Chem. 156(6): 961-968

Simenstad, C., J. Cordell, et al. (1996). "Use of Rodeo and X-77 Spreader to control smooth cordgrass (Spartina Alterniflora) In A Southwestern Washington Estuary: 2. Effects on Benthic Microflora and Invertebrates." Environ. Toxicol. & Chem. 156(6): 969-978

Trumbo, J. (1998). Comparison of three methods of glyphosate application and their effects in the control of Arundo donax. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Game

Witje, A. H. B. M. (1998). The Role of Tissue Nitrogen Content on Arundo donax Translocation Rates and Rhizome Growth. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 21-26 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).