Bussan, A. and W. Dyer (1999). Herbicides and Rangeland. Biology and Management of noxious rangeland weeds. R. P. Sheley, J. Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State Univiersity Press: 116-132 (http://teamarundo.org/control_manage/docs/herbicides_rangeland.pdf).
Contents Sect. I. Theory and Practice of Weed Management -- Introduction / R. L. Sheley, J. K. Petroff and M. M. Borman. 1. Impacts of Noxious Weeds on Ecologic and Economic Systems / Bret E. Olson. 2. Surveying, Mapping, and Monitoring Noxious Weeds on Rangelands / Douglas E. Johnson. 3. Coordinated Weed Management Planning / Tony Svejcar. 4. Economic Evaluation Procedures for Noxious Weed Management on Rangeland / Duane Griffith. 5. Integrated Weed Management on Rangeland / Roger L. Sheley, Susan Kedzie-Webb and Bruce D. Maxwell. 6. Preventing Noxious Weed Invasion / Roger L. Sheley, Mark Manoukian and Gerald Marks. 7. Early Detection and Eradication of New Weed Infestations / David L. Zamora and Donald C. Thill. 8. Grazing and Weeds / Bret E. Olson. 9. Biological Control of Noxious Rangeland Weeds / Linda M. Wilson and Joseph P. McCaffrey. 10. Herbicides and Rangeland / Alvin J. Bussan and William E. Dyer.
11. Revegetating Noxious Weed-Infested Rangeland / James S. Jacobs, Michael F. Carpinelli and Roger L. Sheley -- Sect. II. The Weeds. 12. Biennial Thistles / K. George Beck. 13. Canada Thistle / Don W. Morishita. 14. Cheatgrass / Jeffrey C. Mosley, Stephen C. Bunting and Mark E. Manoukian. 15. Common Crupina / Donald C. Thill, Cindy T. Roche and David L. Zamora. 16. Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax / Sherry Lajeunesse. 17. Diffuse Knapweed / Ben F. Roche, Jr. and Cindy Talbott Roche. 18. Dyer's Woad / Erin G. McConnell, John O. Evans and Steven A. Dewey. 19. Meadow and Orange Hawkweed / Linda M. Wilson and Robert H. Callihan. 20. Leafy Spurge / Sherry Lajeunesse, Roger L. Sheley and Celestine Duncan / [et al.]. 21. Mediterranean Sage / Cindy Talbott Roche and Linda M. Wilson. 22. Medusahead / Heather C. Miller, David Clausnitzer and Michael M. Borman. 23. Oxeye Daisy / Bret E. Olson and Roseann T. Wallander. 24. Poison-Hemlock / Joseph M. DiTomaso. 25. Purple Loosestrife / Barbra Mullin.
26. Rush Skeletonweed / Roger L. Sheley, Joseph M. Hudak and Robert T. Grubb. 27. Russian Knapweed / Tom D. Whitson. 28. Snakeweeds / Tracy M. Sterling, David C. Thompson and Kirk C. McDaniel. 29. Sowthistles / Richard K. Zollinger and Robert Parker. 30. Spotted Knapweed / Roger L. Sheley, James S. Jacobs and Michael L. Carpinelli. 31. Squarrose Knapweed / Cindy Talbott Roche. 32. St. Johnswort / Gary L. Piper. 33. Sulfur Cinquefoil / Peter Rice. 34. Tansy Ragwort / Eric M. Coombs, Peter B. McEvoy and Charles E. Turner. 35. Whitetop / Roger L. Sheley and Jack Stivers. 36. Yellow Starthistle / Roger L. Sheley, Larry L. Larson and James S. Jacobs.
Busse, M. D., A. W. Ratcliff, et al. (2001). "Glyphosate toxicity and the effects of long-term vegetation control on soil microbial communities." Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33(12-13): 1777-1789
We assessed the direct and indirect effect of the herbicide glyphosate on soil microbial communities from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantations of varying site quality. Direct, toxic effects were tested using culture media and soil bioassays at glyphosate concentrations up to 100-fold greater than expected following a single field application. Indirect effects on microbial biomass, respiration, and metabolic diversity (Biolog and catabolic response profile) were compared seasonally after 9-13 years of vegetation control using repeated glyphosate applications in a replicated field study. Three pine plantations were selected to provide a range of soil characteristics associated with glyphosate binding (clay, Fe and Al oxide content) and site growing potential from the lowest to the highest in northern California. Glyphosate was toxic to bacteria and fungi from each plantation when grown in soil-free media. Culturable populations were reduced, as was the growth rate and metabolic diversity of surviving bacteria, by increasing concentrations of glyphosate. This toxicity was not expressed when glyphosate was added directly to soil, however. Microbial respiration was unchanged at expected field concentrations (5-50 mug g-1), regardless of soil, and was stimulated by concentrations up to 100-fold greater. Increased microbial activity resulted from utilization of glyphosate as an available carbon substrate. Estimated N and P inputs from glyphosate were inconsequential to microbial activity. Long-term, repeated applications of glyphosate had minimal affect on seasonal microbial characteristics despite substantial changes in vegetation composition and growth. Instead, variation in microbial characteristics was a function of time of year and site quality. Community size, activity, and metabolic diversity generally were greatest in the spring and increased as site quality improved, regardless of herbicide treatment. Our findings suggest that artificial media assays are of limited relevance in predicting glyphosate toxicity to soil organisms and that field rate applications of glyphosate should have little or no affect on soil microbial communities in ponderosa pine plantations.
California Department of Food and Agriculture. (2006). "California Weed Management Areas." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, from http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedmgtareas/wma_index_hp.htm.
Weed Management Areas (WMAs) are local organizations that bring together landowners and managers (private, city, county, State, and Federal) in a county, multi-county, or other geographical area to coordinate efforts and expertise against common invasive weed species. The WMA functions under the authority of a mutually developed memorandum of understanding (MOU) and is subject to statutory and regulatory weed control requirements. A WMA may be voluntarily governed by a chairperson or a steering committee. To date, groups in California have been initiated by either the leadership of the County Agricultural Commissioner’s Office or a Federal Agency employee. WMAs are unique because they attempt to address agricultural (regulatory) weeds and “wildland” weeds under one local umbrella of organization. It is hoped that participation will extend from all agencies and private organizations. WMAs have printed weed I.D./control brochures, organized weed education events, written and obtained grants, coordinated demonstration plots, and instituted joint eradication, mapping, outreach, and other effective weed management projects.
California Department of Food and Agriculture. (2006). "EncycloWeedia." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, from http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/encycloweedia/encycloweedia_hp.htm.
Notes on Identification, Biology, and Management of Plants Defined as Noxious Weeds by California Law
California Department of Food and Agriculture - Pesticide Investigations Unit (2000). Control of Giant Cane in Riparian and Wetland Areas of Northern and Central California, California Department of Food and Agriculture (http://teamarundo.org/control_manage/DFG-EPAreport.html).
This project has three primary objectives: (1) to determine the best methods for giant cane control in northern and central California; (2) to educate the public regarding the giant cane threat; and (3) to gather information regarding giant cane’s current presence in northern and central California and its potential for further invasive spread in the region. These objectives were accomplished via the following four tasks:
1) the establishment of a giant cane control demonstration project; 2) the completion of an herbicide risk assessment for nontarget aquatic species; 3) the development of giant cane educational materials; and 4) the completion of a giant cane survey project for northern and central California.
California Interagency Noxious Weed Coordinating Committee. (2006, Nov. 2, 2006). "CALWEED DATABASE: California Noxious Weed Control Projects Inventory." from http://endeavor.des.ucdavis.edu/weeds/.
The California Interagency Noxious Weed Coordinating Committee is a group of sixteen State and Federal agencies meeting quarterly, in conjunction with stakeholders, to coordinate activities with respect to noxious weed control. A central project of the group has been to create an Internet accessible database, which acts as a clearing-house for noxious weed control projects in California. The database contains information on who is controlling which noxious weeds in California and what methods they are using. This information is searchable by keywords.
Projects which qualify for this database attempt to eradicate or reduce the number of noxious weeds in California. The emphasis of the database is on weeds considered noxious by the California Department of Food & Agriculture or a threat to wildlands by the California Exotic Plant Pest Council.
The projects in the Calweed Database have been incorportated into the Natural Resource Projects Inventory (NRPI).
Center for Invasive Plant Management. (2006). "Center for Invasive Plant Management." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, from http://www.weedcenter.org.
The Center for Invasive Plant Management (CIPM) supports natural resource managers, scientists, and educators pursuing ecological approaches to invasive plant management.
D'Antonio, C., Dudley TL, Mack M (2000). Disturbance and biological invasions: Direct effects and feedbacks. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems of the World. W. LR. New York, Elsevier Science. 16: 429-468
DiPietro, D., M. Kelly, et al. (2002). California Weed Mapping Handbook, California Department of Food and Agriculture (http://teamarundo.org/mapping_rs/ca_weed_map_hnbk.pdf).
DiTomaso, J. M. (1998). Biology and Ecology of Giant Reed. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 1-5 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
Dudley, T. (2003). "Arundo donax Detailed Report." from http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/datastore/detailreport.cfm?usernumber=8&surveynumber=182.
Dudley, T. a. B. C. (1995). Biological invasions in California wetlands: the impacts and control of non-indigenous species in natural areas. Oakland, Pacific Institute for SIDES
Gaffney, K. A. (2000). Invasive plants in riparian corridors: Distribution, control methods, and plant community effects. Rohnert Park, CA, Sonoma State University
Gaffney, K. A. (2002). "Giant Reed in the Russian River Watershed: Distribution, Plant Community Effects & Control Methods." from http://teamarundo.org/papers/GaffneyPres071002_files/frame.htm.
GISP, G. I. S. D. (2003). "Arundo Fact Sheet, Global Invasive Species Database (GISP)." from http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=112&fr=1&sts=sss.
Global Invasive Species Database. (2006, Nov. 2, 2006). "Global Invasive Species Database (GISP)." from http://www.issg.org/database/welcome/.
The Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) aims to increase awareness about invasive alien species and to facilitate effective prevention and management activities. It is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN-World Conservation Union. The GISD was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) and is supported through partnerships with the National Biological Information Infrastructure, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund and the University of Auckland.
Herrera, A. M. and T. L. Dudley (2003). "Reduction of riparian arthropod abundance and diversity as a consequence of giant reed (Arundo donax) invasion." Biological Invasions 5: 167-177
The non-indigenous perennial grass, Arundo donax, is an aggressive invader of riparian areas throughout California and many sub-tropical regions of the world, and is hypothesized to provide poorer quality habitat for native wildlife in riparian systems. We sampled aerial and ground dwelling insects and other terrestrial arthropods associated with Arundo, native willow vegetation (Salix spp.), and mixtures of the two vegetation types during two seasons to determine how Arundo influences invertebrate composition in a low gradient stream in central California. The total number of organisms, total biomass and taxonomic richness of aerial invertebrates associated with native vegetation was approximately twice that associated with Arundo vegetation, while mixed vegetation supported intermediate arthropod levels. Shannon-Weaver (Weiner) diversity associated with native vegetation stands was also higher than that of Arundo vegetation. Ground-dwelling assemblages did not show differences as great as aerial assemblages which are more critical to foraging avian species. These results indicate that vegetation type is a significant factor reducing the abundance and diversity of invertebrates in this, and presumably in many other riparian ecosystems where this invasive species has become a dominant component. Arundo invasion changes the vegetation structure of riparian zones and in turn, may increasingly jeopardize its habitat value for birds and other wildlife whose diets are largely composed of insects found in native riparian vegetation.
Kiernan, V. (1993). "US Counts Cost of Alien Invaders." New Scientist 140(1896): 9
Research undertaken for the US Congress shows that alien plants and animals in the US will have cost the country $97 billion in the 20th century. The figure only covers 79 species. The research identified 4,500 alien species which have arrived in the US, 15% of which cause economic or environmental damage. The worst alien animal life is the boll weevil which has caused an estimated $50 billion in the first 1/2 of the 20th century. Other offenders include the Mediterranean fruit fly, the European gypsy moth, the zebra mussel and leafy spurge.
Mitchell, J. J., Giessow, and J. Giessow (2001). Role of the Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds Weed Management Area in watershed-based exotic plant control and restoration in northern San Diego County. Proceedings, California Exotic Pest Plant Council Symposiums: Achievements and Challenges in Wildland Weed Management. M. Kelly. Berkeley, CA, California Exotic Pest Plant Council 6: 86 (http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/index.php#2002).
Monheit, S. (2002). "Glyphosate-based aquatic herbicides: an overview of risk." Noxious Times 4(4): 5-9 (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/noxioustimes/noxtimes_archives.htm).
Motamed, E. R., Antonia H.B.M. Witje (1998). Rooting by Stem Fragments From Hanging and Upright Stems of Giant Reed (Arundo donax). Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 69-70 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
National Park Service. (2006). "Weed US Plant List." Retrieved November 2, 2006, 2006, from http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/a.htm.
List of plants known to be invasive in natural areas in the United States, including Hawaii. The scientific names list includes the associated common names and is viewable in its entirety or in smaller sections.
Newhouser, M., C. Cornwall, et al. (2000). Arundo: Streamside Invader, Sonoma Ecology Center, and Media Services California State University, Sacramento (http://teamarundo.org/education/index.html#handbook).
An introductory brochure appropriate for landowners, nonprofits, or agencies that summarizes the threats Arundo poses to California's streams and rivers, and offers ways to get involved in controlling and eliminating this highly invasive weed.
Peck, G. G. (1998). Hydroponic Growth Characteristics of Arundo donax L. Under Salt Stress. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 71-72 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
Quinn, L. and J. Holt (2003). Invasibility of Experimental Riparian Communities by Arundo donax. Proceedings of the California Invasive Plant Council Symposium: Planning Weed Management for Ecosystem Recovery. C. Pirosko. Berkeley, CA, California Invasive Plant Council. 7: 60 (http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/index.php#2002).
Invasibility of experimental riparian communities by Arundo donax
Quinn, Lauren and Jodie Holt Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside <lquinn@citrus.ucr.edu>
As invasive plants enter new areas, they necessarily interact with resident plant communities. Several researchers have found a link between the functional diversity of a resident plant community and its invasibility. This study investigates the role of functional diversity in experimentally constructed riparian communities in regulating invasibility by Arundo donax L. Two experiments, differing only in planting density, were conducted simultaneously in an agricultural field at the University of California, Riverside. Three native riparian species (Salix goodingii, Baccharis salicifolia, and Scirpus americanus) representing three putative functional groups, were planted six to a plot in all combinations (seven community treatments). These communities were allowed to establish for 14 months before A. donax rhizomes were introduced into half of the plots in each experiment. A. donax was expected to invade more readily into single-species low-density plots and less readily into three-species high-density plots. Shoot emergence timing and shoot height for A. donax were monitored until senescence. In the first season, A. donax shoot emergence timing was not different when the two experiments were compared. Number of days to shoot emergence was significantly different among community treatments (p=0.008), and was greatest in single- or two-species plots containing B. salicifolia. Shoot growth rate was significantly greater (p=0.04) in the low-density experiment than in the high-density experiment, and was lower in single- or two-species plots containing B. salicifolia than in all other plot types. A. donax shoots emerged quickly and grew rapidly in "diverse" plots containing all three species. These data suggest that the establishment of A. donax is influenced by community composition, and that diverse communities may be more invasible than some simpler ones. The poor performance of A. donax in plots containing B. salicifolia may provide support for use of this species in riparian restoration following A. donax removal.
Qureshi, M. E. and S. R. Harrison (2001). "A decision support process to compare riparian revegetation options in Scheu Creek catchment in north Queensland." Journal of Environmental Management 62(1): 101-112
While riparian vegetation can play a major role in protecting land, water and natural habitat in catchments, there are high costs associated with tree planting and establishment and in diverting land from cropping. The distribution of costs and benefits of riparian revegetation creates conflicts in the objectives of various stakeholder groups. Multicriteria analysis provides an appropriate tool to evaluate alternative riparian revegetation options, and to accommodate the conflicting views of various stakeholder groups. This paper discusses an application of multicriteria analysis in an evaluation of riparian revegetation policy options for Scheu Creek, a small sub-catchment in the Johnstone River catchment in north Queensland, Australia. Clear differences are found in the rankings of revegetation options for different stakeholder groups with respect to environmental, social and economic impacts. Implementation of a revegetation option will involve considerable cost for landholders for the benefits of society. Queensland legislation does not provide a means to require farmers to implement riparian revegetation, hence the need for subsidies, tax incentives and moral suasion.
Rauterkus, M. and J. Holt (2003). Seasonal Activity and Impacts of Arundo donax. Proceedings of the California Invasive Plant Council Symposium: Planning Weed Management for Ecosystem Recovery. C. Pirosko. Kings Beach, California, California Invasive Plant Council. 7: 61 (http://www.cal-ipc.org/symposia/archive/index.php#2002).
The seasonal physiological activity of Arundo donax and its impact on riparian systems was studied using both common garden experiments and a field survey. A. donax is a perennial species that exhibits a high rate of growth. To quantify its seasonal physiological activity, A. donax was collected from the northern, central, and southern regions of California and planted in a common garden experiment at the University of California at Riverside. The photosynthetic rate of A. donax was measured twice a month for eight months. A. donax's average carbon assimilation rate varied from a low of 16.713 µmol CO2/m2/s to a high of 39.358 µmol CO2/m2/s and, to this point, appears to correlate (R2 = 0.8446) more closely with the low temperature on the day that it was measured rather than the high temperature or calendar date. To test the hypothesis that A. donax alters the abiotic conditions of the environment , which in a manner that favors its own success, a field survey was conducted along two watersheds in southern California. Six permanent transects were set up perpendicular to the river at each site. Monthly measurements of soil temperature, soil moisture, vegetation cover, and light intensity displayed little difference between points with and without the presence of A. donax. Thus, data collected to date indicates that A. donax can remain physiologically active throughout the year. Research is ongoing to identify its physiological impacts in riparian habitats.
Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds Weed Management Area. (2006, 2004). "Arundo Mapping Project." Retrieved Nov. 3, 2006, from http://smslrwma.org/invasives/Arundo/map.html.
Distribution maps for Southern California and the Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds in both JPEG and ArcView GIS file formats; Poster of mapping methodology for Arundo.
Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds Weed Management Area. (2006). "Biology of Arundo donax." Retrieved Nov. 3, 2006, from http://smslrwma.org/invasives/Arundo/biology.html.
Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds Weed Management Area. (2006). "Invasive Non-Native Plants - Plant Information, Distribution Maps, Mapping Methodology, Control Projects, and Control Methods." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, from http://smslrwma.org/invasives/index.html.
Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Watersheds Weed Management Area. (2006). "Summary of Arundo Control Methods." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, from http://smslrwma.org/invasives/Arundo/controlmethods.html.
Stein, E. D. (1998). Invasive Weed Control as Mitigaton: A Shifting Paradigm. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 27-32 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
Tracy, J. L., C. Jack DeLoach (1998). Suitability of Classical Biological Control for Giant Reed (Arundo donax). Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 73-110 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
Trumbo, J. (1998). Comparison of three methods of glyphosate application and their effects in the control of Arundo donax. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Game
Tu, M., C. Hurd, et al. (2001). Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature Conservancy (http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/handbook.html).
U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2006). "National Invasive Species Council." Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006, 2006, from http://invasivespecies.gov/.
Vartanian, V. (1998). Destructive Nature of Arundo and Tamarisk. Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 7-13 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).
Zembal, R. (1998). Habitat for Threatened Habitat and Endangered Species: Quarantine Areas or Control Exotic Weeds? Arundo and Salt Cedar: The Deadly Duo, A Workshop on Combating the Threat from Arundo and Salt Cedar. C. E. Bell. Ontario, CA, University of California Cooperative Extension, Imperial County: 15-20 (http://teamarundo.org/ecology_impacts/Proc98/proc98_index.html).